An introduction to tribal college and universities (TCUs) which includes a discussion of their history, mission, governance, organization, finances, characteristics, support services, roles, responsibilities, evaluation, students, personnel (faculty/staff), challenges and future issues. As a minority serving institution (MSI), the TCUs experience is analyzed and compared to other such institutions as well as mainstream. TCUs are a success story in American Indian education; a grassroots effort by Native communities wanting quality higher education that reflects tribal traditions, values and culture. TCUs are an example of tribal communities practicing self-determination, nation building and sovereignty.